Question 1
The correct answer is: DOLS. The Dimensions of Lifestyle Orientation (DLOS) helps a person determine his or her lifestyle orientation by asking the person to respond to a list of phrases. The survey is sometimes used in counseling sessions to initiate discussions about career planning.
Question 2
According to the Johari's window model, the open quadrant represents behaviors, feelings, and motivations known to both self and others. The goal of group intervention is to enlarge the open quadrant and thereby reduce the size of the blind, secret, and unconscious quadrants.
Question 3
The correct answer is: Jackson and Satir. Jackson and Satir both fall under the category of communication-oriented family therapists. Haley, part of choice (d), is sometimes considered a communications therapist, but he, along with Erickson, is more accurately considered a strategic family therapist.
Question 4
Answer C is correct: As described in the DSM-5, the essential feature of Delirium is a disturbance in attention and awareness plus an additional disturbance in cognition (e.g., memory deficit, disorientation, language impairment, deficit in visuospatial ability, or perceptual distortion).
Question 5
The ACA Code of Ethics (2014) reads, "The ultimate responsibility for ethical research practice lies with the principal researcher. All others involved in the research activities share ethical obligations and responsibility for their own actions."
Question 6
C. The researcher should avoid using the mean, which is a measure of central tendency that is greatly impacted by extreme scores. The mean takes into account the value of every single score, whereas the median only takes into account the rank order of scores and the mode takes into account only the most frequently occurring score. Still, the mean is the most commonly used measure of center.
Question 7
The correct answer is: all cultures have definitive life cycles, but the stages and durations may differ. All cultures have identifiable life cycles, although these cycles vary among cultures. For example, in many non-industrialized societies, young adolescents marry and bear children. They also function as workers at a much younger age than adolescents in industrialized societies. Although all cultures have rites of passage, they vary greatly in different cultures. Even in industrial societies, ethnic and religious backgrounds dictate differing rites of passage for individuals.
Question 8
The correct answer is: providing a client with information about him or herself. Because of the word "not," this is a reverse type question. While some instruments of appraisal provide clients with information about themselves, appraisal (which is essentially synonymous with diagnosis) basically involves identifying the presenting problem, gaining an understanding of the client, and predicting the future course of the problem and the client.
Question 9
The correct answer is: the relationship between the consultant and the consultee Although several factors contribute to the success of a consultation, in any consulting situation, a consultant must have a good relationship with the consultee in order to have an effect. He or she must be able to "persuade" the consultee and, therefore, the consultee must value his or her advice
Question 10
A. CORRECT The statement "what is most personal, is most general" illustrates the notion that an individual's thoughts, experiences, or emotions are likely to be similar to those of others, and, thus, generalizable to the human experience.
Question 11
Since this man is recently sober, he is very likely using the same defense mechanisms he used when he was drinking. He has just admitted he is an alcoholic and may not be ready to also admit that he is an abuser. Thinking that he is now sober and will no longer be abusive, appears to be denying his problem. He may be minimizing his problem, but since minimizing is not a choice, this is the best answer.
Question 12
Although Piaget did not discount the notion of environmental factors (B) in one's cognitive development, he believed that the essential features and the chronological order of the four stages - sensory-motor; pre-operational; concrete operations; and formal operations - were genetically predetermined and universal. Also, he did not necessarily discount individual differences (C and D) but believed that they were not important enough to change the essential predetermined order and features of the four stage theory.
Question 13
When a distribution of data is skewed to the left, it means that although most of the scores are to the right of the distribution, there are a few extreme low scores pulling the distribution to the left. The mean is more impacted by extreme scores. Because the extreme scores in this distribution are low, the value of the mean will be made less than the value of the median.
Question 14
Observational learning is a term associated with the work of Albert Bandura and refers to the concept of learning by observing others. Research on bystander apathy, however, has focused on the other three factors: social influence, evaluation apprehension, and the diffusion of responsibility when others are around.
Question 15
C. CORRECT A reliability coefficient of .81 means that 81% of variability in test scores is true score variability.
Question 16
The correct answer is: providing information related to different jobs. C best describes its function. According to their website, "the O*NET database includes information on skills, abilities, knowledges, work activities, and interests associated with (over 950) occupations."
Question 17
The correct answer is: group members will be unlikely to open up to other group members. In early stages of group therapy, group members are unlikely to communicate much with others. In later stages, they will communicate more with others, attempt to exhibit power over others, and eventually work on addressing the conflicts for which they have sought therapy.
Question 18
The correct answer is A. Carl Rogers wrote (in Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory, 1951, p. 511): Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies to awareness significant sensory and visceral experiences, which consequently are not symbolized and organized into the gestalt of the self-structure. When this situation exists, there is a basic or potential psychological tension.
Question 19
The correct answer is D. This definition of a phobia is drawn from The Merck Manual (see www.merck.com), and the descriptions for an obsession and compulsion were borrowed from the Psychiatric Dictionary (Robert J. Campbell, 2004). A hallucination is "a perception of an external object when no such object is present," whereas "a false belief that is firmly maintained even though it is contradicted by social reality" corresponds to a delusion (see Psychiatric Dictionary).
Question 20
The California Supreme Court's Tarasoff decision mandated that, in California, therapists have a duty to protect the intended victim of a crime by, if necessary, warning the police and the intended victim. Although this decision is not binding in all states, most states have some stipulation that a warning is necessary in situations in which maintenance of confidentiality would result in clear danger to the person or to others. C. CORRECT As shown above, the Tarasoff decision is an illustration that confidentiality is not an absolute legal or ethical requirement.
Question 21
The correct answer is: the subject. In a single-subject design, the subject acts as his or her own control. That is, the subject acts as his or her own comparison group; i.e., the subject's performance during the baseline (no treatment) phase(s) is compared to his or her performance during the treatment phase(s).
Question 22
The correct answer is: retention . Three of the four choices - retention, attention, and reproduction - are related to Bandura's theory. He called the process of remembering the behavior in order to reproduce "retention," whereas attention is the process of recognizing the behavior and reproduction is the process of imitating the behavior.
Question 23
The correct answer is: later-born children usually score higher on measures of intelligence than first-born children. This has not been supported by research. In fact, studies have consistently shown that mental ability tends to decrease with increasing family size, and that first-born children tend to be intellectually superior to later-born children. One thing to keep in mind, however, is that this type of research deals with group differences and not individual differences.
Question 24
The correct answer is B. According to Weinrach and Srebalus (in Holland's Theory of Careers from the book, Career Choice and Development, 1990, p. 44), "Some pairs of types have more in common than other pairs do; for example, artistic and social types have more in common than investigative and enterprising types. One of the main functions of the hexagon is to define the degree of personality consistency. The closer the types that figure in an individual's personality appear on the hexagon, the more consistent the individual is said to be." They go on to write, "High consistency is seen when the first two letters are adjacent (for example, RI or SE). Medium consistency is seen when another letter on the hexagon stands between the first two letters of the person's code (for example, RA or SC). Low consistency is seen when the first two letters of the code are separated by two intervening letters on the hexagon (for example, RS and AC)."
Question 25
B A closed group tends to be a more cohesive group, for logical reasons - everyone is going through the stages of the group process at about the same pace. Also, closed and open groups are essentially opposites. It makes sense that one of them would promote cohesiveness and one would not. In other words, when they're both choices for a question like this, one of them is likely to be the correct answer.